An enzyme-based system for extraction of small extracellular vesicles from plants.

Plant-derived nanovesicles (NVs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the next generation of nanocarrier platforms for biotherapeutics and drug delivery. EVs exist not only in the extracellular space, but also within the cell wall. Due to the limitations of existing isolation methods, the EVs extraction efficiency is low, and a large amount of plant material is wasted, which is of concern for rare and expensive medicinal plants. We proposed and validated a novel method for isolation of plant EVs by enzyme degradation of the plant cell wall to release the EVs. The released EVs can easily be collected. The new method was used for extraction of EVs from the roots of Morinda officinalis (MOEVs). For comparison, nanoparticles from the roots (MONVs) were extracted using the grinding method. The new method yielded a greater amount of MOEVs, and the vesicles had a smaller diameter compared to MONVs. Both MOEVs and MONVs were readily absorbed by endothelial cells without cytotoxic effect and promoted the expression of miR-155. The promotion of miR-155 by MOEVs was dose-dependent. More importantly, we found that MOEVs and MONVs were enriched toward bone tissue. These results support our hypothesis that EVs in plants could be efficiently extracted by enzymatic cell wall digestion and confirm the potential of MOEVs as therapeutic agents and drug carriers.

Circular RNA Hsa_circ_0006766 targets microRNA miR-4739 to regulate osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in bone metabolism, which is mediated by microRNA (miRNA) sponges. However, it is not clear how circRNA regulates osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs).Therefore, based on the previous circRNA chip results, hsa_circ_0006766, which is differentially expressed in the osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs, was screened out, and bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict potential target miRNAs. During osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs, hsa_circ_0006766 and its target miRNAs (miR-4739, miR-619-5p, miR-5787, miR-7851-3p, and miR-3192-5p) were detected by quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Target gene prediction for the differentially expressed target miRNAs was performed, and target genes were validated by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and qRT-PCR. It is shown that hsa_circ_0006766 was up-regulated and miR-4739 was down-regulated during osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs.Moreover, the target gene Notch2 was predicted to be highly expressed during osteogenic differentiation. And dual-luciferase assay proved that Notch2 was the gene targeting to miR-4739. Taken together, our finding confirmed that hsa_circ_0006766 may act as a major regulatory part in osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs via an hsa_circ_0006766-miR-4739-Notch2 regulatory axis. Accordingly, hsa_circ_0006766 may affect the development of osteoporosis and may thus become a therapeutic target.

Exosomal CA125 as A Promising Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis.

The main diagnostic indicators of ovarian cancer (OC), including carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), show good sensitivity and poor specificity or vice versa. This study investigated changes in CA125 and HE4 expression and their correlation in serum-derived exosomes of 55 patients with OC (OC group), 33 patients with malignant tumors (non-OC group), and 55 normal controls (NC group). We compared serum and exosomal CA125 and HE4 levels to determine whether their contents in exosomes were elevated. We also compared the diagnostic efficacy of serum HE4, serum CA125, exosomal CA125, and serum HE4+exosomal CA125 in OC using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. CA125 levels in serum-derived exosomes in all groups significantly increased (P < 0.0001) compared with serum CA125 levels. HE4 was undetected in exosomes. The ROC curve showed the following values: serum CA125: 0.9093 (area), 87.27% (sensitivity), and 90.91% (specificity); serum HE4: 0.9302, 83.64%, and 94.55%; exosomal CA125: 0.9755, 94.55%, and 92.73%; and serum HE4+exosomal CA125: 0.9861, 96.36%, and 92.73%. In conclusion, CA125 can be detected at higher levels in exosomes than in serum, significantly improving OC diagnosis sensitivity. The serum HE4+exosomal CA125 combination significantly improves OC diagnostic efficiency.

PD-1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a biomarker for different stages of primary gouty arthritis.

There is currently a lack of biomarkers to assist the diagnosis and prediction of primary gouty arthritis (PG). Therefore, we evaluated the clinical value of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with PG. This study included 36 patients with acute phase PG (APPG), 48 with non-acute phase PG (NAPPG), 42 with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH) and 79 normal controls (NCs). PD-1 mRNA expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR. PD-1 mRNA expression was statistically analysed by ANOVA or t tests, while correlations between PD-1 mRNA and clinical variables were assessed using Pearson correlation tests. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of PD-1 in different PG stages. PD-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in patients with APPG than that in NAPPG, AH and NCs (P < 0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that PD-1 mRNA levels correlated negatively with T-score (r = -0.209, P < 0.01). ROC curve analysis showed that serum uric acid (SUA), PD-1 mRNA and both combined displayed higher diagnostic value in patients with PG, NAPPG and APPG compared to that in NCs and patients with non-PG arthritis (NPG). Moreover, ROC curve analysis showed that SUA and PD-1 mRNA had good diagnostic value in APPG, with the greatest diagnostic power when combined. PD-1 mRNA could be a clinical auxiliary diagnostic biomarker for APPG, and the combined use of PD-1 mRNA and SUA is better than that of SUA alone.